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Peptide basics

Reconstitution, concentration, storage, and the vocabulary — explained without prescribing anything.

Why one unapproved compound has 39 trials

A trial count can be inflated by how a compound is developed rather than how much is known about it. This is the clearest example on the site.Reviewed Aug 1, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesCagrilintideSemaglutidePramlintide Peptide basics

Four things in this peptide directory are not peptides

Peptide has become a marketing category rather than a chemical one, and four compounds on this site prove it.Reviewed Aug 1, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesMK-677EnclomipheneOrforglipron+1 Peptide basics

Some compounds here have no trials, no papers and almost no readers

The site tracks four independent things for each compound. A handful score close to zero on all of them, and are sold anyway.Reviewed Jul 31, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesAOD-9604AdipotideFollistatin 344+1 Peptide basics

The placebo group was not doing nothing

Half of every trial is the comparison group, and what that group received decides what the headline number actually means.Reviewed Jul 31, 20265 minPrimary trials · 3 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

The famous gut peptide has 162 participants. The obscure one has 1,211

Two peptides studied for the gut lining. One of them you have heard of, and it is not the one with the evidence.Reviewed Jul 30, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesBPC-157Larazotide Peptide basics

The way around the swallowing problem was to stop using a peptide

Peptides are hard to swallow because of what they are. One solution was to build something that hits the same target and is not one.Reviewed Jul 30, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesOrforglipronSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

Four unapproved GLP-1 compounds have already enrolled 65,000 people

Not approved does not mean not studied. Four compounds in this class have larger evidence bases than most approved peptides on this site.Reviewed Jul 29, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesRetatrutideCagrilintideSurvodutide+1 Peptide basics

1,380 papers and 44 people: the antimicrobial peptide gap

Antimicrobial peptides are one of the most active areas in peptide research and one of the least translated into human trials.Reviewed Jul 28, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesLL-37KPVThymosin alpha-1 Peptide basics

An empty registry can mean 1990, not nothing

One compound on this site is FDA-approved with a completely empty trial record. The reason is a date, and it changes how the gap should be read.Reviewed Jul 28, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSermorelinGonadorelinOxytocin Peptide basics

One is approved but discontinued. The other is not a peptide

Both are sold for the same reason and neither is what a buyer usually assumes. The details are unusually worth knowing.Reviewed Jul 27, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesEnclomipheneGonadorelinKisspeptin-10 Peptide basics

Eleven trials, 1,215 people, and then it stopped

Some compounds are unstudied. This one was studied properly, in over a thousand people, and then everybody walked away.Reviewed Jul 27, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesTesofensineAdipotideAOD-9604 Peptide basics

Neither has a registered trial, and one nearly got a disambiguation page

Two sleep and mood peptides with no registered human trials between them, and a cautionary tale about how their numbers get produced.Reviewed Jul 26, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSelankDSIPSemax Peptide basics

1,368 papers, nine trials: the pattern that repeats for every body-made peptide

A molecule your own body makes will always have an enormous literature. Almost none of it is about giving it to someone.Reviewed Jul 26, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesVasoactive intestinal peptideOxytocinGlutathione Peptide basics

Tesamorelin has 18 trials and an approval. CJC-1295 has one trial

Both are growth hormone releasing hormone analogues. One completed development and one is mostly known from the internet.Reviewed Jul 25, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesCJC-1295TesamorelinSermorelin Peptide basics

A formula is a fact. A mechanism is a claim

Chemical identity data looks like the most solid thing on a compound page. It is — and it answers a much narrower question than people expect.Reviewed Jul 25, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesMGFBPC-157Epithalon Peptide basics

One cognitive peptide has 39 trials. The rest of its category has almost none

The thinnest-evidenced category on this site contains one compound with a substantial trial record. It is worth understanding why that combination exists.Reviewed Jul 24, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesCerebrolysinSemaxSelank Peptide basics

STEP 4 enrolled 902 people and randomised 803. The missing 99 matter

Two numbers on the same registry record disagree, and the disagreement is deliberate. It is also the reason the result reads better than it otherwise would.Reviewed Jul 24, 20265 minPrimary trials · 3 sourcesSemaglutide Peptide basics

Oxytocin has 648 trials. Almost none of them are about what it is sold for

This is the best-evidenced compound on the entire site, and its evidence base is a warning about how evidence gets borrowed.Reviewed Jul 23, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesOxytocinKisspeptin-10Gonadorelin Peptide basics

Six of seven cognitive peptides here have no human trial at all

The nine categories on this site are not equally evidenced, and the gap between the best and worst is not close.Reviewed Jul 23, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaxGHK-CuSemaglutide Peptide basics

Semaglutide weighs 4,114. Aspirin weighs 180. That is why one is a needle

The reason most peptides come as injections is not marketing or convenience. It is that your gut is very good at destroying them.Reviewed Jul 22, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideGlutathioneTesamorelin Peptide basics

Six fields on a trial record tell you almost everything

A registry record looks like a wall of text. Six fields carry most of the meaning, and you can find them all in under two minutes.Reviewed Jul 21, 20267 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

The eleven characters that settle most arguments about peptides

NCT03548935 is not jargon. It is a receipt, and asking for one ends more disputes than any amount of argument.Reviewed Jul 21, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSemaglutideBPC-157 Peptide basics

Cosmetic peptides have almost no trials, and that is by regulatory design

The thin trial record for skincare peptides is not an oversight. A cosmetic ingredient never has to prove anything the way a drug does.Reviewed Jul 20, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesGHK-CuPalmitoyl pentapeptide-4Acetyl hexapeptide-8 Peptide basics

There is no evidence comparison to make between these two

Some comparisons cannot be made. Publishing the empty version is more useful than inventing a distinction that the record does not support.Reviewed Jul 20, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesIGF-1 LR3IGF-1 DESMGF Peptide basics

Two bioregulators, four indexed papers, no registered trials

The clinical history these compounds are sold on is real, and almost none of it is in any record an English-speaking reader can check.Reviewed Jul 19, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesEpithalonPinealonThymalin Peptide basics

Semaglutide has five times the trial record of dulaglutide

Two approved GLP-1 receptor agonists, both at phase 4, both marketed. One has been studied roughly five times as much as the other.Reviewed Jul 18, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideDulaglutide Peptide basics

Liraglutide has twice tirzepatide's trials and an eighth of the attention

The older compound has been studied twice as much and read about eight times less. Neither figure is measuring what people assume.Reviewed Jul 18, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

The most-read peptide here has two trials. The best-studied has 54 readers

Across 68 compounds, the relationship between how much a peptide is read about and how much it has been tested is close to nonexistent — and where it does appear, it runs backwards.Reviewed Jul 17, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesBPC-157Thymosin alpha-1Epithalon Peptide basics

Ipamorelin has two human trials. GHRP-2 has none. Both are sold the same way

Two compounds from the same family, marketed in the same places, with almost nothing between them — because there is almost nothing behind either.Reviewed Jul 17, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesIpamorelinGHRP-2GHRP-6 Peptide basics

One of these melanocortins is an approved medicine. The other has one trial

They are chemically related, sold side by side, and separated by the entire regulatory system.Reviewed Jul 16, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesPT-141Melanotan IIMelanotan I Peptide basics

Similar names, 50 trials apart

One of these has one of the strongest trial records of any unapproved compound on this site. The other has no registered human trial at all.Reviewed Jul 16, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesThymosin alpha-1Thymalin Peptide basics

SS-31 became an approved drug. MOTS-c has one trial of 120 people

Both are marketed as mitochondrial peptides. Only one of them completed the journey that phrase implies.Reviewed Jul 15, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesMOTS-cSS-31Humanin Peptide basics

Nearly half of registry hits are not studies of the compound you searched

A raw search for MGF returns 102 studies. None of them gave anyone MGF. That gap is not a quirk of one compound — across 68 compounds it accounts for 46.9% of every hit.Reviewed Jul 15, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesMGFBPC-157Gonadorelin Peptide basics

791,282 people have been enrolled in trials of the peptides tracked here

It sounds like a lot until you see how it is distributed. Two compounds hold most of it, and 26 hold nothing at all.Reviewed Jul 14, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideLiraglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

The most common phase for a peptide on this site is no phase at all

Twenty-two compounds have reached phase 4. Twenty-six have never reached phase 1. The gap between those two groups is the whole peptide market.Reviewed Jul 14, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSemaglutideBPC-157Epithalon Peptide basics

772 papers, zero human trials: the compounds with a literature and no record

A long publication list is the easiest evidence to point at and the easiest to misread. Some compounds have hundreds of papers and have never been given to a person in a registered study.Reviewed Jul 13, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesMGFHumaninGHRP-6 Peptide basics

You could not enter the main GLP-1 weight trials below a BMI of 27

Every headline weight-loss figure from these trials describes people who cleared a specific entry bar. Below that bar, the trials say nothing at all.Reviewed Jul 12, 20266 minPrimary trials · 5 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

Ozempic and Wegovy are the same molecule with different labels

One molecule can carry half a dozen brand names, each approved for a different use. Confusing the two is the most common mistake in this whole category.Reviewed Jul 12, 20265 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

The adolescent GLP-1 trial enrolled 201 people. The adult one enrolled 1,961

There is a trial in teenagers. It is one trial, roughly a tenth the size of the adult study, and that ratio is the most important thing about it.Reviewed Jul 11, 20265 minPrimary trials · 3 sourcesSemaglutideLiraglutide Peptide basics

The trial behind most GLP-1 weight claims ran for 68 weeks

Sixty-eight weeks is long enough to measure weight change and far too short to answer most of what people actually want to know.Reviewed Jul 11, 20266 minPrimary trials · 4 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

A paper is not a trial: why animal work is not human evidence

Two studies can look identical in a footnote and answer completely different questions.Reviewed Jul 10, 20268 minSecondary sources · 9 sourcesBPC-157EpithalonMGF+1 Peptide basics

BPC-157: 31,331 readers a month, 2 registered trials

The most-read compound on this site with almost no registered human record — and exactly what those two registrations contain.Reviewed Jul 9, 20267 minRegulatory sources · 8 sourcesBPC-157TB-500GHK-Cu Peptide basics

How to check any peptide claim yourself in three minutes

Everything on this site is regenerable from three public databases. Here is how, with the query strings.Reviewed Jul 9, 20267 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesBPC-157SermorelinSemax+1 Peptide basics

What people actually report to the FDA about semaglutide

The ranked list is real and public. It is a count of reports, not a count of events, and it has no denominator — so it cannot tell you how often anything happens.Reviewed Jul 8, 20268 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesSemaglutide Peptide basics

What the approved GLP-1 labels actually warn about

Read the labels themselves and the striking thing is how much of the wording is about uncertainty — including the boxed warning at the top.Reviewed Jul 6, 20268 minProduct labels · 10 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide+2 Peptide basics

"Off label use" is one of the most-reported FAERS terms. It is not an injury.

It ranks fourth for semaglutide and fourth for Mounjaro. It describes how a product was used, not something that happened to a body.Reviewed Jul 5, 20267 minRegulatory sources · 10 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

Peptides with falling research activity: where publication counts are dropping

Researchers vote with their time. On several tracked compounds the vote has been going one way for a decade.Reviewed Jul 5, 20267 minSecondary sources · 8 sourcesSelankHexarelinGHRP-2+5 Peptide basics

Peptides with no registered human trial: 25 of the 68 we track, named

A count of the public registry record, compound by compound — and a careful statement of what that count can and cannot support.Reviewed Jul 4, 20268 minRegulatory sources · 8 sourcesSemaxSelankEpithalon+9 Peptide basics

Publication counts are not evidence: how peptide literature totals mislead

The number under a marketing claim is usually a property of the search box, not of the compound.Reviewed Jul 3, 20267 minSecondary sources · 8 sourcesMGFIGF-1 DESDSIP+3 Peptide basics

How to read an adverse-event database without drawing the wrong conclusion

The same molecule returns 6,618 reports under one product name and 57,104 under another. That single fact rules out most of what people do with these numbers.Reviewed Jul 3, 20269 minRegulatory sources · 12 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

Sermorelin is FDA-approved and has no registered trials. Both are true.

The one row on this site where an empty trial count means nothing at all about how much is known.Reviewed Jul 2, 20267 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesSermorelinTesamorelinCJC-1295+1 Peptide basics

Tirzepatide adverse-event reports by year, and what the curve measures

Zepbound went from 37 reports in 2023 to 10,547 in 2024. It also launched in November 2023. Those two facts are the same fact.Reviewed Jul 2, 20268 minRegulatory sources · 10 sourcesTirzepatide Peptide basics

What a boxed warning is, and which of these products carry one

It is a formatting rule with a legal trigger. Reading it as a severity score is the mistake that makes it either scarier or more reassuring than it is.Reviewed Jul 1, 20267 minProduct labels · 12 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide+3 Peptide basics

What “no registered trial” does and does not mean

The most important sentence on this site is also the one most easily misread in both directions.Reviewed Jul 1, 20267 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesBPC-157SemaxSermorelin+1 Peptide basics

Three in four people in the pivotal GLP-1 weight trial were women

The trial that most GLP-1 weight-loss claims trace back to enrolled 1,453 women and 508 men. That is a fact about the evidence, and it travels with every number taken from it.Reviewed Jun 30, 20267 minPrimary trials · 9 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

Who the GLP-1 weight-loss trials did not enrol

A trial's exclusion list is a map of who the result does not describe. For the GLP-1 obesity programme, that list is long and is published in full.Reviewed Jun 30, 20267 minPrimary trials · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

Mean age 46: what GLP-1 weight trials recorded about adults over 65

The obesity trials set no upper age limit and still produced a database with a mean age of 46. The label is where the count of older patients is actually written down.Reviewed Jun 29, 20267 minPrimary trials · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

Men in GLP-1 weight-loss trials: what the smaller subgroups showed

508 men in STEP 1, 116 in STEP 3, 169 in STEP 4. The male evidence exists, it is just smaller — and almost all of it comes from subgroup analyses rather than pre-specified comparisons.Reviewed Jun 29, 20267 minPrimary trials · 7 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

How to read a sex split in a trial result without over-reading it

Two numbers that look different are not evidence that an effect differs. The published test for whether a subgroup claim is credible is short, and most claims fail it.Reviewed Jun 28, 20266 minSecondary sources · 5 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

Who actually takes GLP-1 drugs, and who was actually studied

One in eight US adults says they have taken a GLP-1 drug. The people in the pivotal trials do not look much like them.Reviewed Jun 28, 20266 minPrimary trials · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide Peptide basics

How peptide reconstitution maths works

The arithmetic is short. Every number inside it was supplied by something else.Reviewed Jun 27, 20265 minClinical guidelines · 5 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

Why 'studied in 2,000 people' tells you almost nothing

A big N is a claim about precision. It is not a claim about coverage, and the two get confused constantly.Reviewed Jun 27, 20266 minRegulatory sources · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

Pregnancy and contraception in GLP-1 trials: what the record says

The trials that produced the GLP-1 evidence base excluded pregnancy by design, required contraception of one sex only, and therefore generated no pregnancy data at all.Reviewed Jun 26, 20266 minPrimary trials · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

One compound, two trials: SELECT was 72% men, STEP 1 was 74% women

The same molecule produced two evidence bases whose populations are near-mirror images. That is the clearest proof that a trial roster describes recruitment, not the drug.Reviewed Jun 26, 20266 minPrimary trials · 6 sourcesSemaglutide Peptide basics

Semaglutide vs liraglutide: a growing record next to a finished one

Their trial counts and literature sizes are closer than their reputations suggest. What separates the records is direction of travel — and generic entry.Reviewed Jun 25, 20267 minSecondary sources · 14 sourcesSemaglutideLiraglutide Peptide basics

Semaglutide vs tirzepatide: comparing the evidence record, not the effect

Both compounds hold approved US products and phase-4 trial records. One has roughly two and a half times the registered studies of the other, and that gap is a fact about research volume — nothing else.Reviewed Jun 25, 20267 minSecondary sources · 14 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

BPC-157 vs TB-500: two of the most-read peptides, three registered trials between them

BPC-157 is read by more than thirty thousand people a month. Between them, the two compounds account for three registered human studies, none of them completed and reported.Reviewed Jun 24, 20266 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesBPC-157TB-500 Peptide basics

Retatrutide vs tirzepatide: one is approved, the other is still in trials

Retatrutide is read more often than tirzepatide and has about a tenth of its registered studies. It has no approved product in any record checked here.Reviewed Jun 24, 20266 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesRetatrutideTirzepatide Peptide basics

CJC-1295 vs ipamorelin: what each has on the record, and what the pair has together

They are sold as a pair. The registry has three studies between them and none in which both appear.Reviewed Jun 23, 20266 minSecondary sources · 11 sourcesCJC-1295Ipamorelin Peptide basics

MK-677 vs sermorelin: six trials and no approval against an approval and no trials

Whichever axis you pick, the other compound wins. That is the point of reporting both, and the reason a single grade cannot summarise either.Reviewed Jun 23, 20267 minSecondary sources · 11 sourcesMK-677Sermorelin Peptide basics

Semax vs selank: two heavily read compounds with no registered trials at all

Twenty-one thousand readers a month, zero registered studies between them, and two registry matches that turn out to be a transcranial-stimulation trial and a reading-skills trial.Reviewed Jun 22, 20266 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesSemaxSelank Peptide basics

Tesamorelin vs sermorelin: both approved, and only one has a trial record

Called FDA-approved, both statements are true. Look at anything else in the record and the two compounds stop resembling each other.Reviewed Jun 22, 20266 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesTesamorelinSermorelin Peptide basics

Cerebrolysin vs semax: 39 registered trials against none, in the same category

Two compounds from overlapping research traditions, read by the same people. The gap between their records is the widest in the cognitive category on this site.Reviewed Jun 21, 20266 minSecondary sources · 11 sourcesCerebrolysinSemax Peptide basics

Melanotan I vs Melanotan II: two names, and the approved medicine that is neither

One of these two names is an approved medicine and the other is not, and for a long time this site could not tell them apart because it was searching the wrong name.Reviewed Jun 21, 20267 minSecondary sources · 14 sourcesMelanotan IMelanotan II