Articles

July 2026

We publish what the evidence actually supports, with the source attached to every claim. Nothing here recommends a compound, a dose, or a schedule.

62 articles

Article list

Peptide basics

Some compounds here have no trials, no papers and almost no readers

The site tracks four independent things for each compound. A handful score close to zero on all of them, and are sold anyway.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesAOD-9604AdipotideFollistatin 344+1Peptide basics

The placebo group was not doing nothing

Half of every trial is the comparison group, and what that group received decides what the headline number actually means.Reviewed 5 minPrimary trials · 3 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

The famous gut peptide has 162 participants. The obscure one has 1,211

Two peptides studied for the gut lining. One of them you have heard of, and it is not the one with the evidence.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesBPC-157LarazotidePeptide basics

The way around the swallowing problem was to stop using a peptide

Peptides are hard to swallow because of what they are. One solution was to build something that hits the same target and is not one.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesOrforglipronSemaglutideTirzepatideBuying and sourcing

Research use only is a sentence about the seller, not the product

It is the most common phrase in this market and one of the most widely misread. It describes intent, not quality.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesBPC-157TB-500EpithalonPeptide basics

Four unapproved GLP-1 compounds have already enrolled 65,000 people

Not approved does not mean not studied. Four compounds in this class have larger evidence bases than most approved peptides on this site.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesRetatrutideCagrilintideSurvodutide+1Peptide basics

1,380 papers and 44 people: the antimicrobial peptide gap

Antimicrobial peptides are one of the most active areas in peptide research and one of the least translated into human trials.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesLL-37KPVThymosin alpha-1Peptide basics

An empty registry can mean 1990, not nothing

One compound on this site is FDA-approved with a completely empty trial record. The reason is a date, and it changes how the gap should be read.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSermorelinGonadorelinOxytocinPeptide basics

One is approved but discontinued. The other is not a peptide

Both are sold for the same reason and neither is what a buyer usually assumes. The details are unusually worth knowing.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesEnclomipheneGonadorelinKisspeptin-10Peptide basics

Eleven trials, 1,215 people, and then it stopped

Some compounds are unstudied. This one was studied properly, in over a thousand people, and then everybody walked away.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesTesofensineAdipotideAOD-9604Peptide basics

Neither has a registered trial, and one nearly got a disambiguation page

Two sleep and mood peptides with no registered human trials between them, and a cautionary tale about how their numbers get produced.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSelankDSIPSemaxPeptide basics

1,368 papers, nine trials: the pattern that repeats for every body-made peptide

A molecule your own body makes will always have an enormous literature. Almost none of it is about giving it to someone.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesVasoactive intestinal peptideOxytocinGlutathionePeptide basics

Tesamorelin has 18 trials and an approval. CJC-1295 has one trial

Both are growth hormone releasing hormone analogues. One completed development and one is mostly known from the internet.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesCJC-1295TesamorelinSermorelinPeptide basics

A formula is a fact. A mechanism is a claim

Chemical identity data looks like the most solid thing on a compound page. It is — and it answers a much narrower question than people expect.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesMGFBPC-157EpithalonPeptide basics

One cognitive peptide has 39 trials. The rest of its category has almost none

The thinnest-evidenced category on this site contains one compound with a substantial trial record. It is worth understanding why that combination exists.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesCerebrolysinSemaxSelankPeptide basics

STEP 4 enrolled 902 people and randomised 803. The missing 99 matter

Two numbers on the same registry record disagree, and the disagreement is deliberate. It is also the reason the result reads better than it otherwise would.Reviewed 5 minPrimary trials · 3 sourcesSemaglutidePeptide basics

Oxytocin has 648 trials. Almost none of them are about what it is sold for

This is the best-evidenced compound on the entire site, and its evidence base is a warning about how evidence gets borrowed.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesOxytocinKisspeptin-10GonadorelinPeptide basics

Six of seven cognitive peptides here have no human trial at all

The nine categories on this site are not equally evidenced, and the gap between the best and worst is not close.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaxGHK-CuSemaglutideSupplement research

Glutathione has 72,118 papers because it is inside every cell you own

These two have the largest literatures on the site by an enormous margin, and almost none of it is about taking them as a supplement.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesNAD+GlutathioneSS-31Peptide basics

Semaglutide weighs 4,114. Aspirin weighs 180. That is why one is a needle

The reason most peptides come as injections is not marketing or convenience. It is that your gut is very good at destroying them.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideGlutathioneTesamorelinPeptide basics

Six fields on a trial record tell you almost everything

A registry record looks like a wall of text. Six fields carry most of the meaning, and you can find them all in under two minutes.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

The eleven characters that settle most arguments about peptides

NCT03548935 is not jargon. It is a receipt, and asking for one ends more disputes than any amount of argument.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSemaglutideBPC-157Peptide basics

Cosmetic peptides have almost no trials, and that is by regulatory design

The thin trial record for skincare peptides is not an oversight. A cosmetic ingredient never has to prove anything the way a drug does.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesGHK-CuPalmitoyl pentapeptide-4Acetyl hexapeptide-8Peptide basics

There is no evidence comparison to make between these two

Some comparisons cannot be made. Publishing the empty version is more useful than inventing a distinction that the record does not support.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesIGF-1 LR3IGF-1 DESMGFPeptide basics

Two bioregulators, four indexed papers, no registered trials

The clinical history these compounds are sold on is real, and almost none of it is in any record an English-speaking reader can check.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesEpithalonPinealonThymalinBuying and sourcing

FDA-approved describes a product and a use, not a molecule

Nineteen compounds on this site have an approved product. That sentence means something much narrower than it sounds.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideSermorelinPT-141Peptide basics

Semaglutide has five times the trial record of dulaglutide

Two approved GLP-1 receptor agonists, both at phase 4, both marketed. One has been studied roughly five times as much as the other.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideDulaglutidePeptide basics

Liraglutide has twice tirzepatide's trials and an eighth of the attention

The older compound has been studied twice as much and read about eight times less. Neither figure is measuring what people assume.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

The most-read peptide here has two trials. The best-studied has 54 readers

Across 68 compounds, the relationship between how much a peptide is read about and how much it has been tested is close to nonexistent — and where it does appear, it runs backwards.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesBPC-157Thymosin alpha-1EpithalonPeptide basics

Ipamorelin has two human trials. GHRP-2 has none. Both are sold the same way

Two compounds from the same family, marketed in the same places, with almost nothing between them — because there is almost nothing behind either.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesIpamorelinGHRP-2GHRP-6Peptide basics

One of these melanocortins is an approved medicine. The other has one trial

They are chemically related, sold side by side, and separated by the entire regulatory system.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesPT-141Melanotan IIMelanotan IPeptide basics

Similar names, 50 trials apart

One of these has one of the strongest trial records of any unapproved compound on this site. The other has no registered human trial at all.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesThymosin alpha-1ThymalinPeptide basics

SS-31 became an approved drug. MOTS-c has one trial of 120 people

Both are marketed as mitochondrial peptides. Only one of them completed the journey that phrase implies.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesMOTS-cSS-31HumaninPeptide basics

Nearly half of registry hits are not studies of the compound you searched

A raw search for MGF returns 102 studies. None of them gave anyone MGF. That gap is not a quirk of one compound — across 68 compounds it accounts for 46.9% of every hit.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesMGFBPC-157GonadorelinPeptide basics

791,282 people have been enrolled in trials of the peptides tracked here

It sounds like a lot until you see how it is distributed. Two compounds hold most of it, and 26 hold nothing at all.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesSemaglutideLiraglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

The most common phase for a peptide on this site is no phase at all

Twenty-two compounds have reached phase 4. Twenty-six have never reached phase 1. The gap between those two groups is the whole peptide market.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSemaglutideBPC-157EpithalonBuying and sourcing

Three of the thirteen approved peptides here are no longer marketed

An approval does not expire when a product leaves the market. That is why a badge saying FDA-approved can sit on something you cannot be prescribed.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesPramlintideSermorelinGonadorelinPeptide basics

772 papers, zero human trials: the compounds with a literature and no record

A long publication list is the easiest evidence to point at and the easiest to misread. Some compounds have hundreds of papers and have never been given to a person in a registered study.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 4 sourcesMGFHumaninGHRP-6Peptide basics

You could not enter the main GLP-1 weight trials below a BMI of 27

Every headline weight-loss figure from these trials describes people who cleared a specific entry bar. Below that bar, the trials say nothing at all.Reviewed 6 minPrimary trials · 5 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

Ozempic and Wegovy are the same molecule with different labels

One molecule can carry half a dozen brand names, each approved for a different use. Confusing the two is the most common mistake in this whole category.Reviewed 5 minRegulatory sources · 3 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

The adolescent GLP-1 trial enrolled 201 people. The adult one enrolled 1,961

There is a trial in teenagers. It is one trial, roughly a tenth the size of the adult study, and that ratio is the most important thing about it.Reviewed 5 minPrimary trials · 3 sourcesSemaglutideLiraglutidePeptide basics

The trial behind most GLP-1 weight claims ran for 68 weeks

Sixty-eight weeks is long enough to measure weight change and far too short to answer most of what people actually want to know.Reviewed 6 minPrimary trials · 4 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

A paper is not a trial: why animal work is not human evidence

Two studies can look identical in a footnote and answer completely different questions.Reviewed 8 minSecondary sources · 9 sourcesBPC-157EpithalonMGF+1Buying and sourcing

The adverse-event record for unapproved research peptides is nearly empty

An empty file is not a clean record. It is a record of a reporting system that has almost no way to reach these products.Reviewed 8 minRegulatory sources · 11 sourcesBPC-157TB-500Ipamorelin+5Peptide basics

BPC-157: 31,331 readers a month, 2 registered trials

The most-read compound on this site with almost no registered human record — and exactly what those two registrations contain.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 8 sourcesBPC-157TB-500GHK-CuPeptide basics

How to check any peptide claim yourself in three minutes

Everything on this site is regenerable from three public databases. Here is how, with the query strings.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesBPC-157SermorelinSemax+1GLP-1 and muscle

What the trial record reports on discontinuation

One trial reports 16.6% stopping because of adverse events. Another reports 2.4%. Both are correct, and they are not measuring the same thing.Reviewed 9 minPrimary trials · 10 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

What people actually report to the FDA about semaglutide

The ranked list is real and public. It is a count of reports, not a count of events, and it has no denominator — so it cannot tell you how often anything happens.Reviewed 8 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesSemaglutideBuying and sourcing

The FDA compounding lists and peptides: what changed in 2023 and after

Three different mechanisms get reported as one ban. They are not the same, and the difference decides what the record actually says.Reviewed 9 minRegulatory sources · 7 sourcesBPC-157TB-500GHK-Cu+18GLP-1 and muscle

Gastrointestinal effects: what the trials actually measured

This is the part of the record that has denominators. Percentages against a placebo column, from named trials, with the number of participants printed beside them.Reviewed 9 minPrimary trials · 10 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

What the approved GLP-1 labels actually warn about

Read the labels themselves and the striking thing is how much of the wording is about uncertainty — including the boxed warning at the top.Reviewed 8 minProduct labels · 10 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide+2Protocol logistics

The most-reported term for tirzepatide products is not a symptom

Rank the reported terms for Mounjaro and the first entry is not nausea. It is a medication-error term — and the database holds those in the same file.Reviewed 8 minRegulatory sources · 10 sourcesTirzepatideSemaglutidePeptide basics

"Off label use" is one of the most-reported FAERS terms. It is not an injury.

It ranks fourth for semaglutide and fourth for Mounjaro. It describes how a product was used, not something that happened to a body.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 10 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

Peptides with falling research activity: where publication counts are dropping

Researchers vote with their time. On several tracked compounds the vote has been going one way for a decade.Reviewed 7 minSecondary sources · 8 sourcesSelankHexarelinGHRP-2+5Peptide basics

Peptides with no registered human trial: 25 of the 68 we track, named

A count of the public registry record, compound by compound — and a careful statement of what that count can and cannot support.Reviewed 8 minRegulatory sources · 8 sourcesSemaxSelankEpithalon+9Supplement research

Peptides with rising trial starts: where registered research is accelerating

Five compounds went from nothing to a full development programme inside four years. All five are metabolic, and all five have a sponsor.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 7 sourcesRetatrutideOrforglipronCagrilintide+4Peptide basics

Publication counts are not evidence: how peptide literature totals mislead

The number under a marketing claim is usually a property of the search box, not of the compound.Reviewed 7 minSecondary sources · 8 sourcesMGFIGF-1 DESDSIP+3Peptide basics

How to read an adverse-event database without drawing the wrong conclusion

The same molecule returns 6,618 reports under one product name and 57,104 under another. That single fact rules out most of what people do with these numbers.Reviewed 9 minRegulatory sources · 12 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

Sermorelin is FDA-approved and has no registered trials. Both are true.

The one row on this site where an empty trial count means nothing at all about how much is known.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesSermorelinTesamorelinCJC-1295+1Peptide basics

Tirzepatide adverse-event reports by year, and what the curve measures

Zepbound went from 37 reports in 2023 to 10,547 in 2024. It also launched in November 2023. Those two facts are the same fact.Reviewed 8 minRegulatory sources · 10 sourcesTirzepatidePeptide basics

What a boxed warning is, and which of these products carry one

It is a formatting rule with a legal trigger. Reading it as a severity score is the mistake that makes it either scarier or more reassuring than it is.Reviewed 7 minProduct labels · 12 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutide+3Peptide basics

What “no registered trial” does and does not mean

The most important sentence on this site is also the one most easily misread in both directions.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 9 sourcesBPC-157SemaxSermorelin+1