Articles

June 2026

We publish what the evidence actually supports, with the source attached to every claim. Nothing here recommends a compound, a dose, or a schedule.

31 articles

Article list

Peptide basics

Three in four people in the pivotal GLP-1 weight trial were women

The trial that most GLP-1 weight-loss claims trace back to enrolled 1,453 women and 508 men. That is a fact about the evidence, and it travels with every number taken from it.Reviewed 7 minPrimary trials · 9 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

Who the GLP-1 weight-loss trials did not enrol

A trial's exclusion list is a map of who the result does not describe. For the GLP-1 obesity programme, that list is long and is published in full.Reviewed 7 minPrimary trials · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

Mean age 46: what GLP-1 weight trials recorded about adults over 65

The obesity trials set no upper age limit and still produced a database with a mean age of 46. The label is where the count of older patients is actually written down.Reviewed 7 minPrimary trials · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutidePeptide basics

Men in GLP-1 weight-loss trials: what the smaller subgroups showed

508 men in STEP 1, 116 in STEP 3, 169 in STEP 4. The male evidence exists, it is just smaller — and almost all of it comes from subgroup analyses rather than pre-specified comparisons.Reviewed 7 minPrimary trials · 7 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

How to read a sex split in a trial result without over-reading it

Two numbers that look different are not evidence that an effect differs. The published test for whether a subgroup claim is credible is short, and most claims fail it.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 5 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

Who actually takes GLP-1 drugs, and who was actually studied

One in eight US adults says they have taken a GLP-1 drug. The people in the pivotal trials do not look much like them.Reviewed 6 minPrimary trials · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideLiraglutideGLP-1 and muscle

Body composition by sex on GLP-1s: what the substudies did not report

Everyone wants to know whether men and women lose lean mass differently on these drugs. The registry record shows why nobody can answer from these trials.Reviewed 6 minPrimary trials · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

Why 'studied in 2,000 people' tells you almost nothing

A big N is a claim about precision. It is not a claim about coverage, and the two get confused constantly.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

Pregnancy and contraception in GLP-1 trials: what the record says

The trials that produced the GLP-1 evidence base excluded pregnancy by design, required contraception of one sex only, and therefore generated no pregnancy data at all.Reviewed 6 minPrimary trials · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

One compound, two trials: SELECT was 72% men, STEP 1 was 74% women

The same molecule produced two evidence bases whose populations are near-mirror images. That is the clearest proof that a trial roster describes recruitment, not the drug.Reviewed 6 minPrimary trials · 6 sourcesSemaglutidePeptide basics

Semaglutide vs liraglutide: a growing record next to a finished one

Their trial counts and literature sizes are closer than their reputations suggest. What separates the records is direction of travel — and generic entry.Reviewed 7 minSecondary sources · 14 sourcesSemaglutideLiraglutidePeptide basics

Semaglutide vs tirzepatide: comparing the evidence record, not the effect

Both compounds hold approved US products and phase-4 trial records. One has roughly two and a half times the registered studies of the other, and that gap is a fact about research volume — nothing else.Reviewed 7 minSecondary sources · 14 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

BPC-157 vs TB-500: two of the most-read peptides, three registered trials between them

BPC-157 is read by more than thirty thousand people a month. Between them, the two compounds account for three registered human studies, none of them completed and reported.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesBPC-157TB-500Peptide basics

Retatrutide vs tirzepatide: one is approved, the other is still in trials

Retatrutide is read more often than tirzepatide and has about a tenth of its registered studies. It has no approved product in any record checked here.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesRetatrutideTirzepatidePeptide basics

CJC-1295 vs ipamorelin: what each has on the record, and what the pair has together

They are sold as a pair. The registry has three studies between them and none in which both appear.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 11 sourcesCJC-1295IpamorelinPeptide basics

MK-677 vs sermorelin: six trials and no approval against an approval and no trials

Whichever axis you pick, the other compound wins. That is the point of reporting both, and the reason a single grade cannot summarise either.Reviewed 7 minSecondary sources · 11 sourcesMK-677SermorelinPeptide basics

Semax vs selank: two heavily read compounds with no registered trials at all

Twenty-one thousand readers a month, zero registered studies between them, and two registry matches that turn out to be a transcranial-stimulation trial and a reading-skills trial.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesSemaxSelankPeptide basics

Tesamorelin vs sermorelin: both approved, and only one has a trial record

Called FDA-approved, both statements are true. Look at anything else in the record and the two compounds stop resembling each other.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 12 sourcesTesamorelinSermorelinPeptide basics

Cerebrolysin vs semax: 39 registered trials against none, in the same category

Two compounds from overlapping research traditions, read by the same people. The gap between their records is the widest in the cognitive category on this site.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 11 sourcesCerebrolysinSemaxPeptide basics

Melanotan I vs Melanotan II: two names, and the approved medicine that is neither

One of these two names is an approved medicine and the other is not, and for a long time this site could not tell them apart because it was searching the wrong name.Reviewed 7 minSecondary sources · 14 sourcesMelanotan IMelanotan IIBuying and sourcing

What a GLP-1 actually costs through each legal channel

The spread between the cheapest and dearest published price for the same molecule is roughly ninefold, and which one you pay is decided by paperwork rather than by pharmacology.Reviewed 7 minSecondary sources · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideBuying and sourcing

Why the same molecule has four prices at once

The prices are not competing estimates of one true value. They are outputs of four separate systems that happen to reference the same molecule.Reviewed 6 minSecondary sources · 7 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideProtocol logistics

Bacteriostatic versus sterile water: what the preservative changes

The difference between the two products is one ingredient, and almost every belief attached to that ingredient is broader than the label supports.Reviewed 6 minProduct labels · 7 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideBuying and sourcing

What a certificate of analysis does not test for

An absent test is not a passed test. Here is the list of things a typical two-line certificate is silent about.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideBPC-157Buying and sourcing

Third-party testing: what HPLC and mass spectrometry each show

HPLC answers how much of what the detector saw. Mass spectrometry answers what something weighs. Neither answers the other's question.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 6 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideBPC-157Protocol logistics

Reading a vial label: every field and what it means

A label is a structured document with defined fields. Most of what people worry about is legible from the fields that are absent.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideProtocol logistics

Beyond-use dates and expiry dates are not the same date

One date is generated by a stability programme. The other is generated by a compounding environment. Neither transfers to the other's situation.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 7 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideProtocol logistics

Why syringe scales confuse people: U-100 is a volume scale

The numbers on the barrel are volume in disguise. Once that is clear, most of the confusion around these syringes dissolves.Reviewed 6 minRegulatory sources · 5 sourcesProtocol logistics

Cold chain: what a temperature excursion does to a peptide

Heat is the excursion people worry about. Freezing is the one that does the damage nobody notices.Reviewed 8 minRegulatory sources · 10 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideBuying and sourcing

Lot numbers and traceability: the field that matters most

Every other field on a label describes the container. The lot number connects it to everything else.Reviewed 7 minRegulatory sources · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatideSupplement research

Creatine research, and the GLP-1 evidence that does not exist

Creatine monohydrate is one of the best-studied supplements in sport science. None of that literature was collected in people taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist.Reviewed 5 minPrimary trials · 8 sourcesSemaglutideTirzepatide